• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

1960: first joy stick for playing action games, built in a wooden box by two students of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. 1960-1962: Space War, action game by Stephen Slug Russell, with Wayne Witanen and Martin Graetz, based on the Minskytron action game of Marvin Minsky, both programmes were created in the PDP-1 minicomputer of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. 1956: TEC, Transistor Experimental Computer, by the Massachussetts Institute of Technology. 1961: field effect transistor by Steven Hofstein, that made possible the development of MOS transistor (Metallic Oxid Semiconductor) by R. C. A. July 1961: essay on the theory of packet interchange for computer networks, by Leonard Kleinrock (Massachussets Institute of Technology). August 1962: essay on a "Galactic Network" of computers, by J. C. R. Licklider (Massachussets Institute of Technology). October 1962: J. C. R. Licklider becomes the first Director of a DARPA computer project at the Advanced Research Projects Agency.

These microcircuits began a kind of computers called "of third generation", which predominated from the 1960's to the 1970's. 1962: magnetic disk for memory storage. This kind of computers are called "of second generation", which predominated from the 1950's to the 1960's. 1951: the contact point transresistor of Bardeen and Brattain is modified by William Shockley (Bell Telephone) and named junction transistor, made of germanium. In the event that it goes out of bounds once again, the opposing team takes control of the kubb, which is now called a penalty kubb. 1961-1962: Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor start separately the serial production of integrated circuits of silicium (shortly later called chips), to substitute printed circuits in arithmetic logical units. 1959: integrated circuit with base of silicium and chemical gravure, by Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor), based on the flat transistor of Jean Hoerni and on the P-N Multiple Semiconductor Junction of Kurt Lehovec. Made possible by the flat transistor recently invented by Jean Hoerni, the integrated circuit of Mister Kilby had about five elements, that could be resistances, condensers, or also transistors. 1958-1959: integrated circuit with base of germanium, by Jack Saint Clair Kilby (Texas Instruments).

1954: junction transistor made of silicium (instead of germanium, which is much more expensive), by Gordon Teal (Texas Instruments). This was hardly possible in 1952, when contact point transresistors or junction transistors were the only kinds of transistor available. Integrated circuits only became a possibility when Jean Hoerni invented the flat transistor in December 1958. 1952: IBM 700, by International Business Machines, built of vacuum tubes. Time sharing became definitely established in 1962. December 1958: flat transistor by Jean Hoerni (Fairchild Semiconductor, Palo Alto, High California). July 1958: system of time sharing is proposed at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology to substitute batch processing. 1953: magnetic memory, by Jay Forrester (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1963: creation of the Augmentation Research Center by Douglas Engelbart (Stanford Research Institute, Director of the Bootstrap Institute). 1963: PDP-5, Programmed Data Processer-5, by Kenneth Olsen (Digital Equipment Corporation). The series continued in later years with the IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 709, IBM 790 and IBM 794. Cards and paper tapes gradually disappeared and were almost gone by the 1980's, but big format magnetic tapes continued in use in some big computers even after the year 2000. This IBM series covered a wider range of applications than had been covered by its computer predecessors (which had been mostly used for long mathematical calculations), in the sense that these IBM computers were also commonly used as for example electronic data bases, storing documents or other informations in electronic form.

1959: PDP-1, Programmed Data Processer-1, by Kenneth Olsen (Digital Equipment Corporation). 1959: Computer Sciences Corporation, created by Roy Nutt and Fletcher Jones. 1951: A-0 Coding Translator, by Captain Grace Hopper (United States Navy and Univac), first compiler of routines (repetitive tasks done many times by the computer in the same or in different programmes). 1956: system of batch processing (before that, what is billiards programmes had been processed one by one). It was estimated that in the early 1990's some millions of people were reasonably fluent in one or another dialect of Basic. It is no wonder then that people who were introduced to this sport become enthusiasts sooner than expected. It introduced bytes of 8 bits allowing up to 256 characters EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), which replaced bytes of 6 bits that allowed up to 64 characters BCD or BCI (these ones had themselves replaced bytes of 4 bits, which allowed only 16 characters).